Said ARIFKHANOVA onlinejournal.com
Information is an important part in the lives of modern men. In modern life the information becomes an increasingly significant with education and the way in which people interacts with information largely defines their level of existence.
In XXI century the possession of information and education to determine the status of a person in modern society. Along the sphere of education, information determines the scope of work and economy and influence the sphere of state policy. The manipulation of information and social consciousness in our time are becoming technology to program the behavior of people. By manipulating the company can destroy some of the ideas in the minds of people and on those ruins to build new ideas and new foundations, such as a new ideology.
systems telecommunications, conceived as an important link for sorting information, they have a leading position on the Human Environment. "The manipulation of information is similar to the disinformation ..." writes the scholar Vladimir Volkov in his "History of misinformation." He writes that the manipulation as intended destruction has three purposes: 1
. demoralize the nation through the disintegration of the groups that form it
2. discredit the authorities and their values \u200b\u200b
3. neutralize the masses in order to prevent any form of spontaneous behavior in favor of the established order, and at some point bring to power a small group of people. Another
researcher Sergey Kara-Murza, in his book, "Handling of conscience" indicates three key features of manipulation:
1. The manipulation is a type of spiritual and psychological influence when the structures of the individual mind and spirit are targeted.
2. Manipulation is a hidden influence, that must remain unknown for those affected by the manipulation.
3. An influential manipulation requires considerable skill and expertise.
In his work "The man manipulated," the researcher Herbert Franke writes as follows: "When we experience handling in most cases we have understand mental influence exercised secretly, so at the expense of those to whom it is addressed. "
According to all these studies, the manipulation of information through mass media is directed to the company. In the opinion of scientists, the handling is necessary when the State is concerned to popularize certain ideas, trying to create the ideological foundations to justify certain measures of influence. So the propaganda works directly to serve the ideological needs of the state and those who are to lead the state.
With the development of the economy and general marketing means of mass communication, information has also become a commodity, ie an article of trading, and media owners must make them attractive to the market, regardless of whether the media is primarily a social institution and only secondarily a private company. Very often, using practices borrowed from business, the owners of private media are trying to improve their product by making it more suited to the needs and demands of consumers. And consumers of this product are public. The media
recommending their services to society and each service is offered to the person to whom it is addressed.
The nature of the manipulation
a rule, the manipulation has a double impact, when along with an open message, the handler sends a coded message to the recipient that produces in his mind the images needed to manipulator. Manipulation as a technology based on the suggestion exerts its influence on people, and often succeeds in being obeyed by using their minds but not so much their feelings. The suggestion is this deep feeling in the psyche, which emerged even before the analytical thinking.
Beyond the notion of suggestion is the notion of persuasion, and these two concepts are quite different. What is the difference in principle between the suggestion and persuasion? As a rule, the suggestion is reached through a manipulative approach. It is based on human feelings. On the contrary, the conviction is based on logical foundations. When persuasion is used facts, arguments and explanations. They negotiate with the active part of the human being, which are offered a range of topics that he can understand, accept or reject. The difference, in principle, between suggestion and persuasion is the suggestion that penetrates the human consciousness and the mental sphere, establishing themselves as the passive perception of any object.
So the suggestion is the intrusion of an idea in the mind human, without the participation of its active part. The suggestion is to affect the person, not through logical conviction but directly affecting the mental realm - Planting ideas thanks to the feelings and emotions. Another difference between the suggestion and persuasion is that, at the level of psychological processes, perception is directly connected to the imagination, which recombines back items once they are fixed in memory. Because the image is less connected with the logic, it is more vulnerable and more susceptible to external influences, transforming those impressions in the mind when imagination now created mental images or perceptions. In turn, these images create emotion. Means to influence as strong social conscience, such as terrorism associated with the television for example, are based on a similar combination of imagination and feelings.
The links between terrorism and TV
observing acts of terrorism as they occur and how they are reflected in the media, we can highlight some regularity.
1. Terrorist act
2. Television
3. Influence on the feelings and the public.
4. Necessary to conduct planned
5. Turning off the TV audience common sense. Looking
, stage by stage, the influence of the terrorist act and the way it is reflected by television news programs, you can follow what happens to the fact. As a rule, the main purpose of terror is intimidate and create fear unequal. Fear will fall when the TV is a service on a terrorist attack or an abduction. It is no secret that all those who sit in front of the TV at that moment imagine that you are in the shoes of the victims of the attacks. So this leads to a natural identification of the person seen in this or that situation. In such a situation, consciousness and mind are in the grip of emotions that surround the person and reduce the critical insight. Therefore, manipulating the feelings of the public through television, terrorists, or those who are interested in that service forward, attract attention to their news. They need to remember that the person the news. In this regard, the news is retransmitted repeatedly used actively as a means to hold the attention. Features such as stability and intensity of repetition of information services are used for this purpose. In addition, other features are used television technology, including:
- the words of the presenter
- music
- archival images.
Looking once again that what happens in reality, we realize that when a person receives a message, the way it interacts with its memory is divided into two stages. At first, we have a passive storage in the subconscious and then the information is processed by the intellect. When information has strong emotional colors, is "implanted" into memory and begins to influence consciousness. As a result of repetition is remembered as this memory is involuntary, such as advertising that is often remembered quickly and without noticing.
News
argument of BE Kretov in political communication a special place is occupied by the Exchange of information between government and governed have the necessary consensus for the decisions of government while those who are governed are trying to feel their needs and make them public. These two parties can reach consensus with only communication - the exchange of information. To achieve unity with the people, the authorities are seeking through the media to plant their ideas in the people, consistent with their interests. Conflicts and contradictions are inevitable in such a structure of society, because the press focuses on democratic freedom, glasnost, and debates on human rights, while the army and the police focus on discipline, secrecy, security and patriotism, or talk about the need to use force.
Returning to the issue after the September 11, 2001, an atmosphere of fear of terrorist attacks has been widespread across the planet through the mass media. As a result, in every country in the world, state control over the mass media has increased as a justification of the idea of \u200b\u200b"national security".
manipulation always presumed audience - representatives of the company. The representatives of society, influenced by different services, they become part of the masses and in the process of transformation from separate individuals to "collective madness" aggregate characteristics of the masses:
1. The trend toward the depersonalization - the individual is canceled by the mass consciousness under the influence of the drives.
2. Prevalence of the senses on the conscience - the intellect is overwhelmed by feelings and instincts.
3. It lowered both the intellect and moral values.
4. The level of responsibility falls heavily.
All these signs make the group of people who are particularly vulnerable and susceptible to manipulation by various authorities.
Information aesthetics and semantics
All information in turn can be divided into two groups: information aesthetic and semantic information. Information aesthetics is not subject to logic and calls for a certain state of mind - emotions and reactions instead of a reflection of reality.
More stable, creates an atmosphere in human consciousness. Any information that aesthetics is not addressed to the understanding but the suggestion, so it can easily become an instrument of abuse.
The semantic information, or notional as it is often called, is based on persuasion and interest and is addressed to the logic and common sense. This had an important role in political activities before the active involvement of media in politics. The developments are evaluated by methods of semantic information, through the analytical perception - experts say.
In a practical sense the authorities prefer the aesthetics on that semantic information because it is able to prepare actions that contradict the logic and the real state of things that can sometimes be invisible elite that holds power. It 'a kind of phenomenon that depends on whether the information is not targeted to the aesthetic understanding, but the suggestion of stable symbols through the use of different effects.
Since the mass media as a social institution has the prestige of being an official source of information, have a high level trusted by a wide audience and hopefully provide an information evaluation. This information evaluation lead to the creation of public opinion. If in a practical sense, the release is based on the wave semantics, the potential uses his TV audio and video affecting the aesthetic perception of the public consciousness. Television is the most important tool of political influence on the public because of its technical objective. The principles of aesthetics
television
Television is composed of a mosaic of images that represent the entire planet in the form of services that are not connected by a logical link monosemantico. The services that come in the mind of the viewer break the general dispersion of the puzzle and they try to merge them into a set semantics. The text read by the presenter is taken as a truism, because of the prestige of the very special TV media as an institution. If the presenter reads the text on the background of video images recorded on the scene of action, that text is taken as absolute truth.
In view of the fact that television has the confidence of the common people, it is difficult to critically evaluate a person other than a development. This happens because the information in the form of aesthetic audio and video stream is logically constructed. There is no substance, no argument, or a context that makes sense in the flow if it is not added by the presenter.
Encoding Manipulation of the service goes unnoticed by the mass audience because the difference between reality and its interpretation is almost untouchable while the distortion of reality is inevitable. In this case, the information services are made through the repetition, fragmentation, urgency and sensationalism. In addition, the prevailing lack of alternative sources of information, the presentation of unique information and concealing of alternative news. Consequently, it creates a virtual reality instead of reflecting the true reality.
The technique to isolate the receiver from other influences is often used together to simplify the presentation of news and use of social stereotypes and metaphors.
The language of handling
It is assumed that the journalists of the media use language "correctly". This means that a language is "correct" for the TV is used by the presenter reads the text given to him by a publisher, who in turn works on material produced by a journalist as suggested by Chapter. So the news is "created" at the television station. With the help of words and the video is always created an environment of service, which can be changed, simplified or made more complicated. Such manipulation is closely linked to the nature of human perception. Humans by nature are attracted by the simplistic explanations. There is a certain characteristic of human consciousness that sets all new information according to stereotypes. The method of simplification is to help the manipulator to demonstrate the important idea that should be recommended to the public by using a concise, strong and impressive - the assertion. As a rule, the public gets the good news without thinking.
Another important method for reinforcing stereotypes in the mind is repetition. Repetition gives the news an assertive additional feature, in other words, makes a fixed idea, an idea that incites to action. The technology is based precisely on this propaganda technique repetitive. The urgency of the service helps to have a strong influence on the public, increasing the opportunities for manipulation. The technique of breaking the service involves the loss of meaning and integrity.
fact made more importance and originality is artificially distorted by its importance. The news is attacked in an artificial manner a touch of sensationalism. This is usually done so under the guise of sensationalism is a hidden development, that the public should not know. Very often, the sensationalism is used to put an end to a scandal or a psychosis when we need to distract public attention. In many countries where the fate of the state are decided by the victory of a party rather than another, it depends on how convincing is the program of the candidate but from what he was good at organizing the media show. The possibilities for a candidate to win the election depends on being able to be the focal point of the media campaign.
Then there are the official and non-news. The official news generally support the existing allocation of forces and reflect the views of the structures power in a given society at any given time. The news is not official are those that come from the opposition forces. Radically different from the official reports, unofficial ones that stir the balance of forces. For the purposes of propaganda in the information asymmetry is used as the official ideology in any society is opposed to the unofficial.
There is also an asymmetry in the coverage, when a phenomenon is followed in its entirety while another is left unsaid. In everyday life we \u200b\u200bcan all realize that an event has a positive and another negative coverage. In this sense we see that the asymmetry in information gradually disappear and people become accustomed to an interpretation of part: positive or negative. As a result of qualitative and quantitative analysis performed on the press in Uzbekistan, the author of this research has revealed the main technologies used. In a qualitative sense, this work aims to study the technologies for the manipulation - the use of metaphors, stereotypes and repetitions. In quantitative terms, we calculated the precise amount of clichés used repeatedly.
To review information sites Uzbeks were chosen sites of news agencies "Turkiston Press" and "UzA" and the newspaper "Slovo Narodnoye. This examination has shown the information presented is biased. The materials chosen do not have the appropriate restraint to the presentation of news. All developments are treated predominantly positive. Because of the repetition effect is produced by taxation of ideas and journalism part.
addition, concealment of information sources and use of technology without ever giving the previously mentioned real names, for example, "foreign sponsors" or "certain Western politicians." It is also used metaphors such as these: "certain dark forces", "thieves who have sold the land for a song", "villains provoking" the dark forces are lurking and waiting for their turn. " Very often completely polarized, positive metaphors apparently are used on others. These different features separate people into "good" and "bad" and highlight the orientation of a particular propaganda publication. There are more neutral information about the agency of the press "Turkiston Press" because its approach differs from that of the other two cited publications. We can say that the information is presented in a more professional in terms of impartiality.
read passages from various printing services you can see the attempt of stereotyping, standardize and simplify the development. However very often the publications that have opinions and express them through different trends that address their journalists to the public.
The professionalism of the journalists time to check the quality of the material offered after taking into consideration its authenticity and nuances of the events can not always guarantee a high level of trust from the public regarding the sources of information.
The correspondence between what is published and information to create the standard criteria - including the efficiency, objectivity, authenticity and expression of its review, regardless of the political conditions are an institution in which the media can be trusted, an ideal to fight for. For the moment one of the biggest problems is self-censorship by journalists present in a given fact. There are facts on which the publication gives an assessment of its own, based on expert opinion and from the lips of these experts requires "correct interpretation" and presents a false objectivity to the public using the analysis method distorted.
The public generally expects evaluative information by the media. This is explained by the fact that the mass media as a social institution enjoying the prestige of being an official source of information, which the masses trust. This examination has shown that there are also quotations from anonymous sources and authoritative which suggest the idea of \u200b\u200bconcealment of a story and then create a virtual reality rather than a reflection of the truth.
Important conclusions
examining the publications of some of the media in Uzbekistan, you can identify what are the different manipulative techniques used more frequently
-
stereotyping - "bias" the flow of information
- Isolate receptor from other influences - lack of alternative sources of information;
- Partial concealment of information
- Services built using professional terminology;
- Trivializing
-
Standardize - Repeat
Among the special manipulative techniques we find the asymmetric information and asymmetric coverage. In this case we can also see the use of metaphors, fixed on authoritative sources and often anonymous, the use of methods to combat stereotyping and false analogy and services.
The material used by the media is not always from the professional point of view of the passions of the individual journalist and the desire to express their views. Very often, trusting the opinions of experts, provides a publication a partial assessment and partly on a specific event. Taking into account the fact that the techniques for manipulation are becoming more sophisticated, the company needs to appeal to the sense of social responsibility of journalists themselves and their compliance with the ethics of journalism as the basis of the professionalism of a journalist. Since the mass media produce information, entertainment and education for the public, they should seek to match the image represented by progressive and innovative social institution, which provides information that is as objective as possible and efficient. Journalists must try to refrain from making comments in favor of this or that party, trying to be balanced and avoid giving extreme ratings on real situations.
Avoid using expressions of extremist propaganda and stereotyping means that the source of information merits confidence. The presence of authoritative sources and anonymous rule out any alternative interpretation of the news. Consequently, a certain stereotype is consolidated in the minds of the public. According
qualitative and quantitative analysis, as a publication seeks to adhere to international standards, the less motivated to use manipulative technologies to attract the attention of readers.
proportional to the growth of liability journalism to society, not just in front of the publishers, also increases the demand for professionalism in journalism.
Currently the media liberals are considered socially responsible institution. At the same time, as children are the links of the media, the less will be used as an instrument of influence on the minds of his audience. So the economic independence of the media is of great importance. The company, in protecting their own interests, should appeal more to the social responsibility of journalists and their professionalism and their compliance with the ethics of journalism as fundamental principles of professionalism di un giornalista.
Saida Arifkhanova, giornalista e ricercatrice residente in Uzbekistan.
Fonte: http://onlinejournal.com
Link: http://onlinejournal.com/artman/publish/article_6485.shtml
22.10.2010
Traduzione per www.comedonchisciotte.org a cura di NIKLAUS47
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